Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a popular technology for wastewater treatment due to their superior removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical durability, and mechanical strength. Assessing the performa

Membrane Aerated Bioreactors (MABRs) are a sophisticated method for treating wastewater. Unlike classic bioreactors, MABRs harness a unique combination of aerated membranes and microbial processes to achieve superior treatment efficiency. Within an MABR system, air is supplied directly through the reactor membrane that support a dense population of